لنستخرج كنوزا من المعرفة و الإبداع و العلم و الأفكار
A. INTRODUCTION Islam has its own golden history almost in every sector of knowledge. The main theological resource of Islam, al-Quran, also gives the utmost emphasize on pursuing knowledge. Muslim scholars from the past were very much aware of this instruction given by Allah s.w.t and they were very much captivated onto that. They developed many ideas and theories in the field of knowledge. The glorious of Islamic civilization era indicates the emergence of many Muslim scholars in various fields particularly mathematics led by al-Khwarizmi (780-850), Thabit bin Qurrah (826–901), Abu al-Karaji (953-1029), al-Hazen (965–1040), and Omar Khayyam (1048–1131). 1 The development of Mathematical science is significant in the reign of the Abbasid empire. In this period, Islamic civilization forges a golden age, particularly after the establishment of the Bayt al-Hikmah (House of Wisdom) by caliph Ma‘mun who ruled during 813-833, was destined to play a pivotal role in the development of Mathematics. 2 The Bayt al-Hikmah, which would last more than 200 years, contained large-scale translation project of many ancient works from Greek manuscripts which were obtained through treaties. By the end of the 9th century, the major works of the Greeks had been translated. In addition, they learned the mathematics of the Babylonians and the Hindus. 3 Therefore, Morris Kline a Western scholar denies the contribution of Muslims scholar in mathematics and claimed the works were taken from Hindus and Greek mathematics before expending it to Europe.4 Criticizing Kline‘s argument, the Muslims scholar not simply take 100 percent the work from other civilization. They did not stop with assimilation, but innovated and criticized those materials. 5 Islamic mathematicians did far more than just copy Greek and Indian techniques – their additional researchers developed and systematized several fields of mathematics.6 They absorbed Babylonian and Greek astronomy and constructed large-scale astronomical observatories and made measurements against which predictions of Ptolemy could be checked. In the course of their studies, they made several in-depth investigations in Geometry, Diophantine Analysis, and Combinatory. Numbers, particularly numbers as used in algebra fascinated the Islamic mathematicians. Surely, if one measures Islamic mathematics against the ancients, it would be in algebra where their originality and depth is most clearly evident. 7 Rifaat Y.Ebied in his article entitled Arab and Islamic Contributions to European Civilization explains the field of Astronomy and Chemistry is an early field of Science dominated by Muslims, so Muslims are keen to explore those fields from more Greek civilization yet it is closely related to the skills and practical knowledge of life. 8 Significantly, the study of astronomy is necessary for the mastery of mathematical knowledge that contributes to the commercial, for example in measuring the time, rates and certain distance in determining the time of
prayer and the date of the calendar. The combination of theoretical knowledge and the proficiency of mastering astronomy in later astronomical sciences developed in Spain further affects Europe. This is evidenced by the use of certain phrases in English which are derived from Arabic, such as the Scorpion (Scorpion) constellation is derived from the word Acrab (from Arabic Aqrab); the flyer of the phrase Altair (Arabic al-ta'ir), the tail (tail) of Deneb (Arabic dhanab), and the word zenith and nadir used until today is the contribution of Islamic scholars in Andalus, Spain 9 . The Qur‘an, the sacred book of Islam, praised mathematic as an art close to God, while Astronomy and astrology were believed to be a pathway to discover God‘s will. The word āḥād in the Qur'an is the first number, one (1) as a symbol of the recitation of the knowledge associated with the existence of God. Mathematics is a part of the essential Islamic sciences in life. The tendency of practising Islamic culture as a way of life affects the development of mathematical science in Islamic civilization. For example, in determining of Qibla direction, the faraid knowledge (inheritance), Islamic art and calculating charity (zakat). The history of astronomy and mathematics in medieval Islamic society is in particular need of a broader historical interpretation of its development, for historians of Islamic astronomy and mathematics have tended, even more than medical historians, to restrict themselves to analysing the theoretical contents of the extant texts. Further consideration must be given to the interaction of scientific intellectual traditions with technical problems, industrial concerns and constraints, military requirements, timekeeping needs, shifting imperatives of public policy, and educational and religious institutions. The role in society of astronomers, astrologers, mathematicians, physicians, and others learned in scientific matters, both within and outside the courts, could well be
explored, as could the place of instrument makers in the scientific and medical communities. 10 In addition, the foundations of mathematical knowledge can be observed through the construction of Baghdad City on the order of Caliph al-Mansur in 762 AD and completed in 766-767 AD. This round city has four entrances through two layers of walls. From each entrance, there is an arcade path leading to the city centre where the caliph's palace and the mosque are located. Building materials are from burned bricks, gypsum plaster, mudbrick, and wood. Some people are involved as advisers to urban construction that are not necessarily led by an architect. For example, al-Hajjaj bin Artat was responsible for managing the city's structural and mosque construction, while an engineer named Rabah was responsible for building the city wall. On the plan of a compilation of the city, on the inside of the wall is divided into four parts which each part is managed by a team consisting of an agent, vicar of vicar and architects 11 . From the above-mentioned background, it is important to highlight the contribution of several Muslim scholars to knowledge productions, especially in Mathematics. Until recently, there is a few review has been made to expose Muslim scholars influence in science. This article explores Muslim scholars involment in the development of Mathematics. B. RESULT AND DISCUSSION 1. Muslim Scholars Involvement in The Development in Mathematics a. Al-Khawarizmi> Muh}ammad bin Mu>sa al-Khawarizmi> (780 – 850) as his name suggests, he or his family, came from Khorezm, a Persian town, today
located in northern Uzbekistan. Latin translation of his work al-Kitāb Limukhtaṣar fī Ḥisāb li Jabri wa al- Muqābalah (A compendium of Calculus of gebr and muqabala) introduced into Mathematics the term algebra. The first part of al-jabr is manual for solving linear and quadratic equations. Therefore, he is recognized as one of the greatest mathematicians ever lived. His name has been immortalized in another term, algorithm, which attests to the influence of his lost work on the decimal representation of numbers and arithmetic operations. The title of this work was Ḥisāb Li Hindi Calculus of the Hindus). 12 b. T}ābit bin Qurrah T}ābit bin Qurrah (826–901) a native of Harran, a town in Northern Syria is an author of A Treatise On the Justification of the Algebraic Problems by Geometric Proofs. He studied number theory (he proved a theorem providing a method for finding pairs of amicable numbers); corrected an earlier translation of the Elements 13 . c. Abu> al-Karaji> Al-Karaji> (953–1029) a commentator of Diophantus formulated the rules of multiplication of polynomials, important for later Arabic ‗algebraists‘ (Wodzicki 2005). He gave numerical solution to equations of the form ax2n +bxn = c (only positive roots were considered). He proved: 1 3 +23 + ··· +103 = (1+2 + ··· +10)2 ...in such a way that it was extendable to every integer. The proof is interesting in the
sense that it uses the two essential steps of mathematical induction. Nevertheless, this is the first known proof. Al-Karaji‘s mathematics, differ from other Arab mathematics, pointed to the direction of Renaissance mathematics. 14 d. Ibn al-H}ayt}am Abū Ja’far Muh}ammad ibn al-H}usay alKhāzin (Latin Alhazen, 965–1040) was a mathematician and astronomer who lived in the early tenth century AD in Khorasān (Helaine Selin 2008). He was author of numerous works on optics, spherical geometry, number theory (he is credited with discovering Wilson‘s Theorem: ―for any prime p, 1+(p−1)! is divisible by p” long before Wilson), and several other contributions 15
References :
1M Wodzicki, ―Early History of Algebra: A Sketch,‖ Math 160, 2005, 1-2. 2 M Wodzicki, ―Early History of Algebra.‖, 1. 3 Judith V Grabiner, ―The Centrality of Mathematics in the History of Western Thought,‖ Mathematics Magazine 61, no. 4 (October 1988): p.222, doi:10.2307/2689357. See also Wodzicki, ―Early History of Algebra: A Sketch‖, 1. 4 Morris Kline, Mathematics in Western Culture (London: Oxford Press, 1953), 93.
5 Ali Akbar Velayati, Ensiklopedia Islam & Iran: Dinamika Budaya Dan Peradaban Islam Yang Hidup (Bandung: Mizan, 2010), 121. 6 Julian A. Smith, ―Arithmetic in Islamic Mathematics,‖ in Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures (Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2008), 240, doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-4425-0_8445. 7 G. Donald Allen, ―The History of Mathematics,‖ Texas A&M University Mathematics, accessed November 11, 2017, http://www.math.tamu.edu/~dallen/masters/hist_frame.htm. 8 Rifaat Ebied, ―Arab and Islamic Contributions to European Civilization,‖ in Technology Tradition and Survival: Aspects of Material Culture in the Middle East and Central Asia, ed. Richard Tapper and Keith Mclachlan (London: Frank Cass, 2005), 15.
9 Ebied, ―Arab and Islamic Contributions to European Civilization.‖, 15.
10 Emilie Savage-Smith, ―Gleanings from an Arabist‘s Workshop: Current Trends in the Study of Medieval Islamic Science and Medicine,‖ ISIS 79, no. 2 (June 1988), 248, doi:10.1086/354701. 11 Donald R Hill, ―Science and Technology in Islamic Building Construction,‖ in Technology Tradition and Survival: Aspects of Material Culture in the Middle East and Central Asia, ed. Richard Tapper and Keith Mclachlan (London: Frank Cass, 2005), 47.
12 Khalid Al-Khateeb, "Science and Technology in Islam." (Kuala Lumpur: University Malaysia, 2001), 12. See Tahir Abdurrahman, Abubakar Abdul, and Auwal Halabi, ―The Historical Contributions of Islamic Civilization in Medical and Applied Sciences : A Survey From the Muslims Product,‖ E-Journal of Arabic Studies & Islamic Civilization 2, no. March (2015), 43. See Also Raghib As-Sirjani, Sumbangan Peradaban Islam Pada Dunia (Jakarta: Pustaka alKaustar, 2009), 347. 13 Wodzicki, ―Early History of Algebra: A Sketch.‖ ,
14 Allen, ―The History of Mathematics.‖ 15 Wodzicki, ―Early History of Algebra: A Sketch.‖,
