{"id":4669,"date":"2025-05-26T06:44:32","date_gmt":"2025-05-26T06:44:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/natharatmouchrika.net\/home\/?p=4669"},"modified":"2025-05-26T06:44:32","modified_gmt":"2025-05-26T06:44:32","slug":"hyderabad","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/natharatmouchrika.net\/home\/?p=4669","title":{"rendered":"Hyderabad"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/p>\n

Hyderabad<\/b>[<\/span>a]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0is the capital and largest city of the\u00a0Indian state<\/a>\u00a0of\u00a0Telangana<\/a>. It occupies 650\u00a0km2<\/sup>\u00a0(250\u00a0sq\u00a0mi) on the\u00a0Deccan Plateau<\/a>\u00a0along the banks of the\u00a0Musi River<\/a>, in the northern part of Southern India. With an average altitude of 536\u00a0m (1,759\u00a0ft), much of Hyderabad is situated on hilly terrain around\u00a0artificial lakes<\/a>, including the\u00a0Hussain Sagar<\/a>\u00a0lake, predating the city’s founding, in the north of the city centre. According to the\u00a02011 census of India<\/a>, Hyderabad is the\u00a0fourth-most populous city in India<\/a>\u00a0with a population of\u00a06.9 million<\/span>\u00a0residents within the city limits, and has a population of\u00a09.7 million<\/span>\u00a0residents in the\u00a0metropolitan region<\/a>, making it the\u00a0sixth-most populous metropolitan area<\/a>\u00a0in India. With an output of\u00a0US$\u00a095 billion,[<\/span>5]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>[<\/span>6]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0Hyderabad has the sixth-largest urban economy in\u00a0India<\/a>.<\/p>\n

The Qutb Shahi dynasty’s\u00a0Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah<\/a>\u00a0established Hyderabad in 1591 to extend the capital beyond the\u00a0fortified Golconda<\/a>. In 1687,\u00a0the city was annexed<\/a>\u00a0by the\u00a0Mughals<\/a>. In 1724,\u00a0Asaf Jah I<\/a>, the\u00a0Mughal viceroy<\/a>, declared his sovereignty and founded the\u00a0Asaf Jahi dynasty<\/a>, also known as the\u00a0Nizams<\/a>. Hyderabad served as the imperial capital of the Asaf Jahis from 1769 to 1948. As the capital of the\u00a0princely state of Hyderabad<\/a>, the city housed the\u00a0British Residency<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0cantonment<\/a>\u00a0until\u00a0Indian independence<\/a>\u00a0in 1947.\u00a0Hyderabad was annexed<\/a>\u00a0by the\u00a0Indian Union<\/a>\u00a0in 1948 and continued as a capital of\u00a0Hyderabad State<\/a>\u00a0from 1948 to 1956. After\u00a0the introduction<\/a>\u00a0of the\u00a0States Reorganisation Act of 1956<\/a>, Hyderabad was made the capital of the\u00a0newly formed Andhra Pradesh<\/a>. In 2014,\u00a0Andhra Pradesh was split<\/a>\u00a0to form the state of Telangana, and Hyderabad became the joint capital of the two states until 2024.[<\/span>7]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0Since 1956, the city has housed the\u00a0Rashtrapati Nilayam<\/a>, the winter office of the\u00a0president of India<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Relics of the Qutb Shahi and Nizam eras remain visible today; the\u00a0Charminar<\/a>\u00a0has come to symbolise the city. By the end of the early modern era, the Mughal Empire had declined in the Deccan, and the Nizam’s patronage attracted men of letters from various parts of the world.\u00a0A distinctive culture<\/a>\u00a0arose from the amalgamation of local and migrated artisans, with\u00a0painting<\/a>,\u00a0handicraft<\/a>,\u00a0jewellery<\/a>,\u00a0literature<\/a>,\u00a0dialect<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0clothing<\/a>\u00a0prominent even today. For\u00a0its cuisine<\/a>, the city is listed as a\u00a0creative city of gastronomy<\/a>\u00a0by\u00a0UNESCO<\/a>. The\u00a0Telugu film industry<\/a>\u00a0based in the city is the highest-grossing film industry in India as of 2021.<\/p>\n

Until the\u00a019th century<\/span>, Hyderabad was known for its\u00a0pearl industry<\/a>\u00a0and was nicknamed the “City of Pearls”, and was the only trading centre for\u00a0Golconda diamonds<\/a>\u00a0in the world. Many of the city’s historical and traditional\u00a0bazaars<\/a>\u00a0remain open. Hyderabad’s central location between the\u00a0Deccan Plateau<\/a>\u00a0and the\u00a0Western Ghats<\/a>, and industrialisation throughout the\u00a020th century<\/span>\u00a0attracted major Indian research, manufacturing, educational and financial institutions. Since the 1990s, the city has emerged as an\u00a0Indian hub of pharmaceuticals and biotechnology<\/a>\u00a0and information technology. The formation of the\u00a0special economic zones<\/a>\u00a0of\u00a0Hardware Park<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0HITEC City<\/a>, dedicated to information technology, has encouraged leading multinationals to set up operations in Hyderabad.<\/p>\n

<\/div>\n
\n

History<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n
\n

Toponymy<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n

The name\u00a0Hyderabad<\/i>\u00a0means “Haydar’s City” or “Lion City”, from\u00a0Haydar<\/a><\/i>\u00a0‘lion’ and\u00a0\u0101b\u0101d<\/a><\/i>\u00a0‘city’, after\u00a0Caliph<\/a>\u00a0Ali Ibn Abi Talib<\/a>, also known as Haydar because of his lion-like valour in battle.[<\/span>8]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0The city was originally called\u00a0Baghnagar<\/i>\u00a0(city of gardens).[<\/span>9]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>[<\/span>10]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0The European travellers\u00a0von Poser<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0Th\u00e9venot<\/a>\u00a0found both names in use in the 17th century.[<\/span>11]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>[<\/span>12]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>[<\/span>13]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>:\u200a6\u200a<\/span><\/sup><\/p>\n

A popular legend suggests that the founder of the city,\u00a0Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah<\/a>, named it\u00a0Bhagya-nagar<\/i>\u00a0(“fortunate city”)[<\/span>14]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0after\u00a0Bhagmati<\/a>, a local\u00a0nautch<\/a><\/i>\u00a0(dancing girl) whom he married. She converted to\u00a0Islam<\/a>\u00a0and adopted the title\u00a0Hyder Mahal<\/i>, the city being subsequently named\u00a0Hyderabad<\/i>\u00a0in her honour.[<\/span>13]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>:\u200a6\u200a<\/span><\/sup>[<\/span>15]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

In the year 1597, Hyderabad gained the\u00a0epithet<\/a><\/p>\n

Farkhunda Bunyad<\/i>\u00a0(lit.<\/abbr>\u2009‘<\/span>Of Auspicious Foundation<\/span>‘<\/span>). Following the\u00a0Mughal conquest of Hyderabad<\/a>, emperor\u00a0Aurangzeb<\/a>\u00a0changed the epithet to\u00a0Dar-ul-Jihad<\/i>\u00a0(lit.<\/abbr>\u2009‘<\/span>Abode of Holy War<\/span>‘<\/span>), a title which appears on coins minted in the city during the reigns of Aurangzeb and\u00a0Kam Bakhsh<\/a>. The later Mughal emperor\u00a0Shah Alam<\/a>\u00a0returned the city to its older epithet of\u00a0Farkhunda Bunyad<\/i>, and consequently Mughal coins of Shah Alam and\u00a0Muhammad Shah<\/a>\u00a0feature this title as the city’s mint-name.[<\/span>16]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>[<\/span>17]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\n

Early and medieval history<\/h3>\n

The discovery of\u00a0Megalithic<\/a>\u00a0burial sites and\u00a0cairn circles<\/a>\u00a0in the\u00a0suburbs<\/a>\u00a0of Hyderabad, in 1851 by\u00a0Philip Meadows Taylor<\/a>, a\u00a0polymath<\/a>\u00a0in the service of the Nizam, had provided evidence that the region in which the city stands has been inhabited since the\u00a0Stone Age<\/a>.[<\/span>18]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>[<\/span>19]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0In 2008, Archaeologists excavating near the city have unearthed\u00a0Iron Age<\/a>\u00a0sites that may date from 500\u00a0BCE<\/a>.[<\/span>20]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0The region comprising modern Hyderabad and its surroundings was ruled by the\u00a0Chalukya dynasty<\/a>\u00a0from 624\u00a0CE<\/a>\u00a0to 1075\u00a0CE.[<\/span>21]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0Following the dissolution of the Chalukya empire into four parts in the 11th century, Golconda\u2014now part of Hyderabad\u2014came under the control of the\u00a0Kakatiya dynasty<\/a>\u00a0from 1158, whose seat of power was at\u00a0Warangal<\/a>\u2014148\u00a0km (92\u00a0mi) northeast of modern Hyderabad.[<\/span>22]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0The Kakatiya ruler\u00a0Ganapatideva<\/a>\u00a0(1199\u20131262) built a\u00a0hilltop<\/a>\u00a0outpost<\/a>\u2014later known as\u00a0Golconda Fort<\/a>\u2014to defend their western region.[<\/span>19]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

The Kakatiya dynasty was reduced to a vassal of the\u00a0Khalji dynasty<\/a>\u00a0in 1310 after its defeat by Sultan\u00a0Alauddin Khalji<\/a>\u00a0of the\u00a0Delhi Sultanate<\/a>. This lasted until 1321 when the Kakatiya dynasty was annexed by\u00a0Malik Kafur<\/a>, Khalji’s general.[<\/span>23]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0During this period, Khalji took the\u00a0Koh-i-Noor<\/a><\/i>\u00a0diamond, which is said to have been mined from the\u00a0Kollur Mines<\/a>\u00a0of Golconda, to Delhi.[<\/span>24]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0Muhammad bin Tughluq<\/a>\u00a0succeeded to the Delhi sultanate in 1325, bringing Warangal under the rule of the\u00a0Tughlaq dynasty<\/a>;\u00a0Malik Maqbul Tilangani<\/a>\u00a0was appointed its governor. In 1336 the regional chieftains\u00a0Musunuri Nayakas<\/a>\u2014who revolted against the Delhi sultanate in 1333\u2014took Warangal under their direct control and declared it as their capital.[<\/span>25]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0In 1347 when\u00a0Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah<\/a>, a governor under bin Tughluq, rebelled against Delhi and established the\u00a0Bahmani Sultanate<\/a>\u00a0in the\u00a0Deccan Plateau<\/a>, with\u00a0Gulbarga<\/a>\u2014200\u00a0km (124\u00a0mi) west of Hyderabad\u2014as its capital, both the neighbouring rulers Musunuri Nayakas of Warangal and Bahmani Sultans of Gulbarga engaged in many wars until 1364\u201365 when a peace treaty was signed and the Musunuri Nayakas ceded Golconda Fort to the Bahmani Sultan. The Bahmani Sultans ruled the region until 1518 and were the first independent Muslim rulers of the Deccan.[<\/span>26]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>[<\/span>27]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>[<\/span>28]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

In 1496\u00a0Sultan Quli<\/a>\u00a0was appointed as a Bahmani governor of Telangana. He rebuilt, expanded and\u00a0fortified<\/a>\u00a0the old mud fort of Golconda and named the city “Muhammad Nagar”. In 1518, he revolted against the Bahmani Sultanate and established the\u00a0Qutb Shahi dynasty<\/a>.[<\/span>22]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>[<\/span>29]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>[<\/span>30]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0The fifth Qutb Shahi sultan,\u00a0Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah<\/a>, established Hyderabad on the banks of the Musi River in 1591,[<\/span>31]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>[<\/span>32]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0to avoid water shortages experienced at Golconda.[<\/span>33]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0During his rule, he had the\u00a0Charminar<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0Mecca Masjid<\/a>\u00a0built in the city.[<\/span>34]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0On 21 September 1687, the Golconda Sultanate came under the rule of the\u00a0Mughal emperor<\/a>\u00a0Aurangzeb<\/a>\u00a0after a\u00a0year-long siege<\/a>\u00a0of the Golconda Fort.[<\/span>35]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>[<\/span>36]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0The annexed city “Hyderabad” was renamed\u00a0Darul Jihad<\/i>\u00a0(House of War),[<\/span>37]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0whereas the main territories of the Golconda Sultanate were incorporated into the Mughal empire as the province\u00a0Hyderabad Subah<\/a>.[<\/span>38]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0Mughal rule in Hyderabad was administered by three main governors:\u00a0Jan Sipar Khan<\/a>\u00a0(1688\u20131700), his son\u00a0Rustam Dil Khan<\/a>\u00a0(1700\u201313) and\u00a0Mubariz Khan<\/a>\u00a0(1713\u201324).[<\/span>39]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\n

Modern history<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n

In 1713, Mughal emperor\u00a0Farrukhsiyar<\/a>\u00a0appointed\u00a0Mubariz Khan<\/a>\u00a0as Governor of Hyderabad. During his tenure, he\u00a0fortified the city<\/a>\u00a0and controlled the internal and neighbouring threats.[<\/span>40]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0In 1714 Farrukhsiyar appointed\u00a0Asaf Jah I<\/a>\u00a0as\u00a0Viceroy of the Deccan<\/a>\u2014(administrator of six Mughal governorates) with the title\u00a0Nizam-ul-Mulk<\/i>\u00a0(Administrator of the Realm). In 1721, he was appointed as Prime Minister of the\u00a0Mughal Empire<\/a>.[<\/span>41]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0His differences with the court nobles led him to resign from all the imperial responsibilities in 1723 and leave for Deccan.[<\/span>42]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>[<\/span>43]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0Under the influence of Asaf Jah I’s opponents, Mughal Emperor\u00a0Muhammad Shah<\/a>\u00a0issued a decree to\u00a0Mubariz Khan<\/a>, to stop Asaf Jah I which resulted in the\u00a0Battle of Shakar Kheda<\/a>.[<\/span>42]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>:\u200a93\u201394\u200a<\/span><\/sup>\u00a0In 1724, Asaf Jah I defeated Mubariz Khan to establish autonomy over the\u00a0Deccan<\/a><\/i>, named the region\u00a0Hyderabad Deccan<\/a><\/i>, and started what came to be known as the\u00a0Asaf Jahi dynasty<\/a>. Subsequent rulers retained the title\u00a0Nizam ul-Mulk<\/i>\u00a0and were referred to as Asaf Jahi Nizams, or\u00a0Nizams of Hyderabad<\/a>.[<\/span>40]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>[<\/span>44]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0The death of Asaf Jah I in 1748 resulted in a period of political unrest as his sons and grandson\u2014Nasir Jung<\/a>\u00a0(1748\u20131750),\u00a0Muzaffar Jang<\/a>\u00a0(1750\u20131751) and\u00a0Salabat Jung<\/a>\u00a0(1751\u20131762)\u2014contended for the throne backed by opportunistic neighbouring states and colonial foreign forces. The accession of\u00a0Asaf Jah II<\/a>, who reigned from 1762 to 1803, ended the instability. In 1768 he signed the\u00a0Treaty of Masulipatam<\/a>\u2014by which the\u00a0East India Company<\/a>\u00a0in return for a fixed annual rent, got the right to control and collect the taxes at\u00a0Coromandel Coast<\/a>.[<\/span>45]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

In 1769 Hyderabad city became the formal capital of the Asaf Jahi Nizams.[<\/span>40]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>[<\/span>44]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0In response to regular threats from\u00a0Hyder Ali<\/a>\u00a0(Dalwai of\u00a0Mysore<\/a>),\u00a0Baji Rao I<\/a>\u00a0(Peshwa<\/a>\u00a0of the\u00a0Maratha Empire<\/a>), and Basalath Jung (Asaf Jah II’s elder brother, who was supported by\u00a0French<\/a>\u00a0General the\u00a0Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau<\/a>), the Nizam signed a\u00a0subsidiary alliance<\/a>\u00a0with the East India Company in 1798, allowing the\u00a0British Indian Army<\/a>\u00a0to be stationed at\u00a0Bolarum<\/a>\u00a0(modern\u00a0Secunderabad<\/a>) to protect the state’s capital, for which the Nizams paid an annual maintenance to the British.[<\/span>45]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

Until 1874 there were no modern industries in Hyderabad. With the introduction of railways in the 1880s, four factories were built to the south and east of\u00a0Hussain Sagar<\/a>\u00a0lake,[<\/span>46]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0and during the early 20th century, Hyderabad was transformed into a modern city with the establishment of\u00a0transport services<\/a>, underground drainage, running water,\u00a0electricity<\/a>, telecommunications, universities, industries, and\u00a0Begumpet Airport<\/a>. The\u00a0Nizams<\/a>\u00a0ruled the\u00a0princely state<\/a>\u00a0of\u00a0Hyderabad<\/a>\u00a0during the\u00a0British Raj<\/a>.[<\/span>40]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>[<\/span>44]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

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Post-Independence<\/h4>\n

After India\u00a0gained independence<\/a>, the Nizam declared his intention to remain independent rather than become part of the\u00a0Indian Union<\/a>\u00a0or newly formed\u00a0Dominion of Pakistan<\/a>.[<\/span>45]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0The Hyderabad State Congress, with the support of the\u00a0Indian National Congress<\/a>\u00a0and the\u00a0Communist Party of India<\/a>, began agitating against\u00a0Nizam VII<\/a>\u00a0in 1948. On 17 September that year, the Indian Army took control of Hyderabad State after an invasion codenamed\u00a0Operation Polo<\/a>. With the defeat of his forces, Nizam VII capitulated to the Indian Union by signing an\u00a0Instrument of Accession<\/a>, which made him the\u00a0Rajpramukh<\/a><\/i>\u00a0(Princely Governor) of the state until it was abolished on 31 October 1956.[<\/span>44]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>[<\/span>47]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

Between 1946 and 1951, the Communist Party of India fomented the\u00a0Telangana uprising<\/a>\u00a0against the\u00a0feudal<\/a>\u00a0lords of the\u00a0Telangana region<\/a>.[<\/span>48]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0The\u00a0Constitution of India<\/a>, which became effective on 26 January 1950, made Hyderabad State one of the\u00a0part B states<\/a>\u00a0of India, with Hyderabad city continuing to be the capital.[<\/span>49]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0In his 1955 report\u00a0Thoughts on Linguistic States<\/i>,\u00a0B. R. Ambedkar<\/a>, then chairman of the\u00a0Drafting Committee of the Indian Constitution<\/a>, proposed designating the city of Hyderabad as the\u00a0second capital<\/a>\u00a0of India because of its amenities and strategic central location.[<\/span>50]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

On 1 November 1956 the states of India\u00a0were reorganised<\/a>\u00a0by language. Hyderabad state was split into three parts, which were merged with neighbouring states to form\u00a0Maharashtra<\/a>,\u00a0Karnataka<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0Andhra Pradesh<\/a>. The nine\u00a0Telugu<\/a>– and\u00a0Urdu<\/a>-speaking districts of Hyderabad State in the Telangana region were merged with the Telugu-speaking\u00a0Andhra State<\/a>\u00a0to create Andhra Pradesh,[<\/span>51]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>[<\/span>52]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>[<\/span>53]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0with Hyderabad as its capital. Several protests, known collectively as the\u00a0Telangana movement<\/a>, attempted to invalidate the merger and demanded the creation of a new Telangana state. Major actions took place in 1969 and 1972, and a third began in 2010.[<\/span>54]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0On 30 July 2013 the government of India declared that part of Andhra Pradesh would be split off to form a new Telangana state and that Hyderabad city would be the capital city and part of Telangana, while the city would also remain the capital of Andhra Pradesh for no more than ten years. On 3 October 2013 the Union Cabinet approved the proposal,[<\/span>55]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0and in February 2014 both houses of\u00a0Parliament<\/a>\u00a0passed<\/a>\u00a0the\u00a0Telangana Bill<\/a>. With the final assent of the President of India, Telangana state was formed on 2 June 2014.<\/p>\n

Geography<\/p>\n

Hyderabad is 1,566\u00a0km (973\u00a0mi) south of\u00a0Delhi<\/a>, 699\u00a0km (434\u00a0mi) southeast of\u00a0Mumbai<\/a>, and 570\u00a0km (350\u00a0mi) north of\u00a0Bangalore<\/a>\u00a0by road.[<\/span>57]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0It is situated in the southern part of Telangana in southeastern India,[<\/span>58]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0along the banks of the\u00a0Musi River<\/a>, a tributary of\u00a0Krishna River<\/a>\u00a0located on the\u00a0Deccan Plateau<\/a>\u00a0in the northern part of South India.[<\/span>59]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>[<\/span>60]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>[<\/span>61]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0Greater Hyderabad covers 650\u00a0km2<\/sup>\u00a0(250\u00a0sq\u00a0mi), making it one of the largest metropolitan areas in India.[<\/span>62]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0With an average altitude of 536\u00a0m (1,759\u00a0ft), Hyderabad lies on predominantly sloping terrain of grey and pink\u00a0granite<\/a>, dotted with small hills, the highest being\u00a0Banjara Hills<\/a>\u00a0at 672\u00a0m (2,205\u00a0ft).[<\/span>61]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0The city has numerous lakes<\/a>\u00a0sometime referred to as\u00a0sagar<\/i>, meaning “sea”. Examples include artificial lakes created by dams on the Musi, such as Hussain Sagar (built-in 1562 near the city centre),\u00a0Osman Sagar<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0Himayat Sagar<\/a>.[<\/span>61]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>[<\/span>63]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0As of 1996, the city had 140 lakes and 834 water tanks (ponds).[<\/span>64]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\n

Climate<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n

Hyderabad has a\u00a0tropical wet and dry climate<\/a>\u00a0(K\u00f6ppen<\/a>\u00a0Aw<\/i>) bordering on a hot\u00a0semi-arid climate<\/a>\u00a0(K\u00f6ppen\u00a0BSh<\/i>).[<\/span>65]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0The annual mean temperature is 26.6\u00a0\u00b0C (79.9\u00a0\u00b0F); monthly mean temperatures are 21\u201333\u00a0\u00b0C (70\u201391\u00a0\u00b0F).[<\/span>66]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0Summers (March\u2013June) are hot and dry, with average highs in the mid-to-high 30s Celsius;[<\/span>67]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0maximum temperatures often exceed 40\u00a0\u00b0C (104\u00a0\u00b0F) between April and June.[<\/span>66]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0The coolest temperatures occur in December and January when the lowest temperature occasionally dips to 10\u00a0\u00b0C (50\u00a0\u00b0F).[<\/span>66]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0May is the hottest month when daily temperatures range from 26\u201339\u00a0\u00b0C (79\u2013102\u00a0\u00b0F); December, the coldest, has temperatures varying from 14.5\u201328\u00a0\u00b0C (58.1\u201382.4\u00a0\u00b0F).[<\/span>67]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

Heavy rain from the\u00a0south-west summer monsoon<\/a>\u00a0falls between June and October, supplying Hyderabad with most of its mean annual rainfall.[<\/span>67]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0Since records began in November 1891, the heaviest rainfall recorded in a 24-hour period was 241.5\u00a0mm (10\u00a0in) on 24 August 2000. The highest temperature ever recorded was 45.5\u00a0\u00b0C (114\u00a0\u00b0F) on 2 June 1966, and the lowest was 6.1\u00a0\u00b0C (43\u00a0\u00b0F) on 8 January 1946.[<\/span>68]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0The city receives 2,731\u00a0hours of sunshine per year; maximum daily\u00a0sunlight exposure<\/a>\u00a0occurs in February.[<\/span>69]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

Conservation<\/p>\n

Hyderabad’s lakes and the sloping terrain of its low-lying hills provide habitat for an assortment of flora and fauna. As of 2016, the tree cover is 1.7% of the total city area, a decrease from 2.7% in 1996.[<\/span>78]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0The forest region in and around the city encompasses areas of ecological and biological importance, which are preserved in the form of\u00a0national parks<\/a>,\u00a0zoos<\/a>, mini-zoos and a\u00a0wildlife sanctuary<\/a>.\u00a0Nehru Zoological Park<\/a>, the city’s largest zoo, is the first in India to have a lion and tiger\u00a0safari park<\/a>. Hyderabad has three national parks (Mrugavani National Park<\/a>,\u00a0Mahavir Harina Vanasthali National Park<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0Kasu Brahmananda Reddy National Park<\/a>), and the\u00a0Manjira Wildlife Sanctuary<\/a>\u00a0is about 50\u00a0km (31\u00a0mi) from the city.<\/p>\n

The other environmental reserves of Hyderabad are\u00a0Kotla Vijayabhaskara Reddy Botanical Gardens<\/a>,\u00a0Ameenpur Lake<\/a>,\u00a0Shamirpet Lake<\/a>,\u00a0Hussain Sagar<\/a>,\u00a0Fox Sagar Lake<\/a>,\u00a0Mir Alam Tank<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0Patancheru Lake<\/a>, which is home to regional birds and attracts seasonal\u00a0migratory birds<\/a>\u00a0from different parts of the world.[<\/span>79]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0Organisations engaged in environmental and wildlife preservation include the\u00a0Telangana Forest Department<\/a>,[<\/span>80]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education<\/a>, the\u00a0International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics<\/a>\u00a0(ICRISAT), the\u00a0Animal Welfare Board of India<\/a>, the\u00a0Blue Cross of Hyderabad<\/a>\u00a0and the\u00a0University of Hyderabad<\/a>.[<\/span>79]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\n

Utility services<\/h3>\n

The HMWSSB (Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply & Sewage Board) regulates\u00a0rainwater harvesting<\/a>, sewerage services, and water supply. In 2005, the HMWSSB started operating a 116\u00a0km-long (72\u00a0mi) water supply pipeline from\u00a0Nagarjuna Sagar Dam<\/a>\u00a0to meet increasing demand.[<\/span>98]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>[<\/span>99]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0The\u00a0Telangana Southern Power Distribution Company Limited<\/a>\u00a0(TSPDCL) manages electricity supply.[<\/span>100]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

As of 2014, there were 15\u00a0fire stations<\/a>\u00a0in the city, operated by the Telangana State Disaster and Fire Response Department.[<\/span>101]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0The government-owned\u00a0India Post<\/a>\u00a0has five head post offices and many sub-post offices in Hyderabad, which are complemented by private courier services.[<\/span>61]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\n

Pollution control<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n

Hyderabad produces around 4,500\u00a0tonnes<\/a>\u00a0of solid waste daily, which is transported from collection units in\u00a0Imlibun<\/a>,\u00a0Yousufguda<\/a>\u00a0and Lower Tank Bund to the dumpsite in\u00a0Jawaharnagar<\/a>.[<\/span>102]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0Disposal is managed by the Integrated Solid Waste Management project which was started by the GHMC in 2010.[<\/span>103]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0Rapid urbanisation and increased economic activity has led to increased\u00a0industrial waste<\/a>,\u00a0air<\/a>,\u00a0noise<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0water pollution<\/a>, which is regulated by the\u00a0Telangana Pollution Control Board<\/a>\u00a0(TPCB).[<\/span>104]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>[<\/span>105]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0The contribution of different sources to air pollution in 2006 was: 20\u201350% from vehicles, 40\u201370% from a combination of vehicle discharge and road dust, 10\u201330% from industrial discharges and 3\u201310% from the burning of household rubbish.[<\/span>106]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0Deaths resulting from\u00a0atmospheric particulate matter<\/a>\u00a0are estimated at 1,700\u20133,000 each year.[<\/span>107]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>[<\/span>108]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>[<\/span>109]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0The city’s “VIP areas”, the Assembly building, Secretariat, and Telangana chief minister’s office, have particularly low\u00a0air quality index<\/a>\u00a0ratings, suffering from high levels of\u00a0PM2.5<\/a>‘s.[<\/span>110]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0Ground water<\/a>\u00a0around Hyderabad, which has a\u00a0hardness<\/a>\u00a0of up to 1000 ppm, around three times higher than is desirable,[<\/span>111]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0is the main source of drinking water but the increasing population and consequent increase in demand has led to a decline in not only ground water but also river and lake levels.[<\/span>112]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>[<\/span>113]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0This shortage is further exacerbated by inadequately treated\u00a0effluent<\/a>\u00a0discharged from industrial treatment plants polluting the water sources of the city.[<\/span>114]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

Healthcare<\/p>\n

The Commissionerate of Health and Family Welfare is responsible for planning, implementation and monitoring of all facilities related to health and preventive services.[<\/span>115]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>[<\/span>116]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0As of 2010\u201311, the city had 50 government hospitals,[<\/span>117]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0300 private and charity hospitals and 194 nursing homes providing around 12,000 hospital beds, fewer than half the required 25,000.[<\/span>118]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0For every 10,000 people in the city, there are 17.6 hospital beds,[<\/span>119]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a09 specialist doctors, 14 nurses and 6 physicians.[<\/span>118]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0The city has about 4,000 individual clinics.[<\/span>120]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0Private clinics are preferred by many residents because of the distance to, poor quality of care at and long waiting times in government facilities,[<\/span>121]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>:\u200a60\u201361\u200a<\/span><\/sup>\u00a0despite the high proportion of the city’s residents being covered by government health insurance: 24% according to a National Family Health Survey in 2005.[<\/span>121]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>:\u200a41\u200a<\/span><\/sup>\u00a0As of 2012, many new private hospitals of various sizes were opened or being built.[<\/span>120]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0Hyderabad has outpatient and inpatient facilities that use\u00a0Unani<\/a>,\u00a0homoeopathic<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0Ayurvedic<\/a>\u00a0treatments.[<\/span>122]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

In the 2005 National Family Health Survey, it was reported that the city’s\u00a0total fertility rate<\/a>\u00a0is 1.8,[<\/span>121]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>:\u200a47\u200a<\/span><\/sup>\u00a0which is below the\u00a0replacement rate<\/a>. Only 61% of children had been provided with all basic\u00a0vaccines<\/a>\u00a0(BCG<\/a>,\u00a0measles<\/a>\u00a0and full courses of\u00a0polio<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0DPT<\/a>), fewer than in all other surveyed cities except\u00a0Meerut<\/a>.[<\/span>121]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>:\u200a98\u200a<\/span><\/sup>\u00a0The infant\u00a0mortality rate<\/a>\u00a0was 35 per 1,000 live births, and the mortality rate for children under five was 41 per 1,000 live births.[<\/span>121]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>:\u200a97\u200a<\/span><\/sup>\u00a0The survey also reported that a third of women and a quarter of men are overweight or obese, 49% of children below 5 years are\u00a0anaemic<\/a>, and up to 20% of children are underweight,[<\/span>121]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>:\u200a44,\u200a55\u201356\u200a<\/span><\/sup>\u00a0while more than 2% of women and 3% of men suffer from\u00a0diabetes<\/a>.[<\/span>121]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>:\u200a57\u200a<\/span><\/sup><\/p>\n

\n

Demographics<\/h2>\n

When the\u00a0GHMC<\/a>\u00a0was created in 2007, the area occupied by the municipality increased from 175\u00a0km2<\/sup>\u00a0(68\u00a0sq\u00a0mi) to 650\u00a0km2<\/sup>\u00a0(250\u00a0sq\u00a0mi).[<\/span>62]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>[<\/span>125]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0Consequently, the population increased by 87%, from 3,637,483 as of 2001\u00a0census to 6,809,970 as of 2011\u00a0census, 24% of which are migrants from elsewhere in India,[<\/span>85]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>:\u200a2\u200a<\/span><\/sup>\u00a0making Hyderabad the nation’s\u00a0fourth most populous city<\/a>.[<\/span>1]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>[<\/span>3]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0As of 2011, the population density is 18,480\/km2<\/sup>\u00a0(47,900\/sq\u00a0mi)[<\/span>126]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0and the Hyderabad urban agglomeration had a population of 7,749,334 making it the\u00a0sixth most populous urban agglomeration<\/a>\u00a0in the country.[<\/span>3]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0as of 2011\u00a0census<\/a>, there are 3,500,802 male and 3,309,168 female citizens\u2014a\u00a0sex ratio<\/a>\u00a0of 945 females per 1000 males, higher than the national average of 926 per 1000.[<\/span>127]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>[<\/span>128]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0Among children aged\u00a00\u20136<\/span>\u00a0years, 373,794 are boys and 352,022 are girls\u2014a ratio of 942 per 1000. Literacy stands at 83% (male 86%; female 80%), higher than the national average of 74.04%.[<\/span>127]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>[<\/span>129]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0The socio-economic strata consist of 20%\u00a0upper class<\/a>, 50%\u00a0middle class<\/a>\u00a0and 30%\u00a0working class<\/a>.[<\/span>130]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\n

Ethnicity<\/h3>\n

Referred to as “Hyderabadi”, the residents of Hyderabad are predominantly\u00a0Telugu<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0Urdu speaking<\/a>\u00a0people, with minority Arab,\u00a0Marathi<\/a>,\u00a0Marwari<\/a>, and\u00a0Pathan<\/a>\u00a0communities.[<\/span>131]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

Hyderabadi Muslims<\/a>\u00a0are a unique community who owe much of their history, language, cuisine, and culture to Hyderabad, and the various dynasties who previously ruled.[<\/span>132]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>[<\/span>133]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0Hadhrami Arabs<\/a>,\u00a0African Arabs<\/a>,\u00a0Armenians<\/a>,\u00a0Abyssinians<\/a>,\u00a0Iranians<\/a>,\u00a0Pathans<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0Turkish people<\/a>\u00a0were present before 1948; these communities, of which the Hadhrami Arabs are the largest, declined after\u00a0Hyderabad State<\/a>\u00a0became part of the Indian Union, as they lost the patronage of the Asaf Jahi Nizams.[<\/span>1<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

Religion<\/p>\n

Hindus are in the majority. Muslims form a very large minority and are present throughout the city and predominate in and around\u00a0the Old City of Hyderabad<\/a>. There are also Christian, Sikh, Jain, Buddhist and Parsi communities and iconic\u00a0churches<\/a>,\u00a0mosques<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0temples<\/a>.[<\/span>137]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0According to the 2011\u00a0census, the religious make-up of Greater Hyderabad was: Hindus (64.9%), Muslims (30.1%), Christians (2.8%), Jains (0.3%), Sikhs (0.3%) and Buddhists (0.1%); 1.5% did not state any religion.[<\/span>138]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\n

Economy<\/h2>\n

Recent estimates of the economy of Hyderabad’s metropolitan area have ranged from\u00a0US$40-US$74\u00a0billion (PPP<\/a>\u00a0GDP<\/a>), and have ranked it either\u00a0fifth- or sixth- most productive metro area of India<\/a>.[<\/span>170]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0Hyderabad is the largest contributor to the\u00a0gross domestic product<\/a>\u00a0(GDP), tax and other revenues, of Telangana, and the sixth largest deposit centre and fourth largest credit centre nationwide, as ranked by the\u00a0Reserve Bank of India<\/a>\u00a0(RBI) in June 2012.[<\/span>171]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0Its per capita annual income in 2011 was\u00a0\u20b944,300<\/span>\u00a0(US$520).[<\/span>172]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0As of 2006, the largest employers in the city were the state government (113,098 employees) and central government (85,155).[<\/span>173]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0According to a 2005 survey, 77% of males and 19% of females in the city were employed.[<\/span>174]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0The\u00a0service industry<\/a>\u00a0remains dominant in the city, and 90% of the employed workforce is engaged in this sector.[<\/span>175]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

Hyderabad’s role in the pearl trade has given it the name “City of Pearls<\/a>” and up until the 18th century, the city was the only global trading centre for diamonds known as\u00a0Golconda diamonds<\/a>.[<\/span>36]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>[<\/span>176]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>[<\/span>177]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0Industrialisation began under the Nizams in the late 19th century, helped by railway expansion that connected the city with major ports.[<\/span>178]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>[<\/span>179]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0From the 1950s to the 1970s, Indian enterprises, such as\u00a0Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited<\/a>\u00a0(BHEL),\u00a0Nuclear Fuel Complex<\/a>\u00a0(NFC),\u00a0National Mineral Development Corporation<\/a>\u00a0(NMDC),\u00a0Bharat Electronics<\/a>\u00a0(BEL),\u00a0Electronics Corporation of India Limited<\/a>\u00a0(ECIL),\u00a0Defence Research and Development Organisation<\/a>\u00a0(DRDO),\u00a0Hindustan Aeronautics Limited<\/a>\u00a0(HAL),\u00a0Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology<\/a>\u00a0(CCMB),\u00a0Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics<\/a>\u00a0(CDFD),\u00a0State Bank of Hyderabad<\/a>\u00a0(SBH) and\u00a0Andhra Bank<\/a>\u00a0(AB)[<\/span>149]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0were established in the city.[<\/span>180]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0The city is home to\u00a0Hyderabad Securities<\/a>\u00a0formerly known as Hyderabad Stock Exchange (HSE),[<\/span>181]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0and houses the regional office of the\u00a0Securities and Exchange Board of India<\/a>\u00a0(SEBI).[<\/span>182]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0In 2013, the\u00a0Bombay Stock Exchange<\/a>\u00a0(BSE) facility in Hyderabad was forecast to provide operations and transactions services to BSE-Mumbai<\/a>\u00a0by the end of 2014.[<\/span>183]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0The growth of the financial services sector has helped Hyderabad evolve from a traditional manufacturing city to a cosmopolitan industrial service centre.[<\/span>149]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0Since the 1990s, the growth of information technology (IT), IT-enabled services (ITES), insurance and financial institutions has expanded the service sector, and these primary economic activities have boosted the ancillary sectors of trade and commerce, transport, storage, communication, real estate and retail.[<\/span>179]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0As of 2021<\/p>\n

, the IT exports from Hyderabad were\u00a0\u20b9\u00a01,45,522\u00a0crore (US$19.66\u00a0billion), the city houses 1500 IT and TES companies that provide 628,615 jobs.[<\/span>184]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

Hyderabad’s commercial markets are divided into four sectors: central business districts,[<\/span>185]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0sub-central business centres, neighbourhood business centres and local business centres.[<\/span>186]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0Many traditional and historic\u00a0bazaars<\/a>\u00a0are located throughout the city, Laad Bazaar being the prominent among all is popular for selling a variety of traditional and cultural antique wares, along with gems and pearls.[<\/span>187]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>[<\/span>188]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

The establishment of\u00a0Indian Drugs and Pharmaceuticals Limited<\/a>\u00a0(IDPL), a public sector undertaking, in 1961 was followed over the decades by many national and global companies opening manufacturing and research facilities in the city.[<\/span>189]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0As of 2010, the city manufactured one third of India’s bulk drugs and 16% of biotechnology products,[<\/span>190]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>[<\/span>191]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0contributing to its reputation as “India’s pharmaceutical capital” and the “Genome Valley<\/a>\u00a0of India”.[<\/span>192]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0Hyderabad is a global centre of information technology, for which it is known as\u00a0Cyberabad<\/i>\u00a0(Cyber City).[<\/span>155]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>[<\/span>156]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0As of 2013, it contributed 15% of India’s and 98% of Andhra Pradesh’s exports in IT and ITES sectors[<\/span>193]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0and 22% of\u00a0NASSCOM<\/a>‘s total membership is from the city.[<\/span>172]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0The development of\u00a0HITEC City<\/a>, a township with extensive technological infrastructure, prompted multinational companies to establish facilities in Hyderabad.[<\/span>155]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0The city is home to more than 1300 IT and ITES firms that provide employment for 407,000 individuals; the global conglomerates include\u00a0Microsoft<\/a>,\u00a0Apple<\/a>,\u00a0Amazon<\/a>,\u00a0Google<\/a>,\u00a0IBM<\/a>,\u00a0Yahoo!<\/a>,\u00a0Oracle Corporation<\/a>,\u00a0Dell<\/a>,\u00a0Facebook<\/a>,\u00a0CISCO<\/a>,[<\/span>85]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>:\u200a3\u200a<\/span><\/sup>[<\/span>194]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0and major Indian firms including\u00a0Tech Mahindra<\/a>,\u00a0Infosys<\/a>,\u00a0Tata Consultancy Services<\/a>\u00a0(TCS), Polaris,\u00a0Cyient<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0Wipro<\/a>.[<\/span>85]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>:\u200a3\u200a<\/span><\/sup>\u00a0In 2009 the\u00a0World Bank Group<\/a>\u00a0ranked the city as the\u00a0second best Indian city for doing business<\/a>.[<\/span>195]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0The city and its suburbs contain the highest number of\u00a0special economic zones<\/a>\u00a0of any Indian city.[<\/span>172]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

The\u00a0Automotive industry in Hyderabad<\/a>\u00a0is also emerging and making it an automobile hub.[<\/span>196]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0Automobile companies including as\u00a0Hyundai<\/a>,\u00a0Hyderabad Allwyn<\/a>,\u00a0Praga Tools<\/a>,\u00a0HMT Bearings<\/a>,\u00a0Ordnance Factory Medak<\/a>, Deccan Auto and\u00a0Mahindra & Mahindra<\/a>\u00a0have units in the Hyderabad economic zone.[<\/span>197]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0Fiat Chrysler Automobiles<\/a>,\u00a0Maruti Suzuki<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0Triton Energy<\/a>\u00a0will invest in Hyderabad.[<\/span>198]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

Like the rest of India, Hyderabad has a large\u00a0informal economy<\/a>\u00a0that employs 30% of the labour force.[<\/span>146]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>:\u200a71\u200a<\/span><\/sup>\u00a0According to a survey published in 2007, it had 40\u201350,000\u00a0street vendors<\/a>, and their numbers were increasing.[<\/span>199]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>:\u200a9\u200a<\/span><\/sup>\u00a0Among the street vendors, 84% are male and 16% female,[<\/span>200]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>:\u200a12\u200a<\/span><\/sup>\u00a0and four fifths are “stationary vendors” operating from a fixed pitch, often with their own\u00a0stall<\/a>.[<\/span>200]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>:\u200a15\u201316\u200a<\/span><\/sup>\u00a0Most are financed through personal savings; only 8% borrow from moneylenders.[<\/span>200]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>:\u200a19\u200a<\/span><\/sup>\u00a0Vendor earnings vary from\u00a0\u20b950<\/span>\u00a0(59\u00a2\u00a0US) to\u00a0\u20b9800<\/span>\u00a0(US$9.50) per day.[<\/span>199]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>:\u200a25\u200a<\/span><\/sup>\u00a0Other unorganised economic sectors include dairy, poultry farming, brick manufacturing, casual labour and domestic help. Those involved in the informal economy constitute a major portion of the urban poor.[<\/span>146]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>:\u200a71\u200a<\/span><\/sup>[<\/span>201]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

In 2024, the\u00a0World Economic Forum<\/a>\u00a0established a Centre for Fourth Industrial Revolution (C4IR), in the city. Which it describes as a hub to leverage the latest technology in advancing the life sciences and health sectors.[<\/span>202]<\/span><\/a>Link\u00a0<\/sup><\/p>\n

Link : https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hyderabad<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Hyderabad[a]\u00a0is the capital and largest city of the\u00a0Indian state\u00a0of\u00a0Telangana. It occupies 650\u00a0km2\u00a0(250\u00a0sq\u00a0mi) on the\u00a0Deccan Plateau\u00a0along the banks of the\u00a0Musi River, in the northern part of Southern India. 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