{"id":5051,"date":"2025-07-07T07:01:18","date_gmt":"2025-07-07T07:01:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/natharatmouchrika.net\/home\/?p=5051"},"modified":"2025-07-07T08:17:26","modified_gmt":"2025-07-07T08:17:26","slug":"%d8%a5%d8%ab%d9%8a%d9%88%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%a7","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/natharatmouchrika.net\/home\/?p=5051","title":{"rendered":"\u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/p>\n

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\n

<\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649<\/h3>\n

\u062d\u0643\u0645\u062a \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0632\u0627\u063a\u0648\u064a (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629: Zagwe) \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0648 \u0625\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 1137 \u0625\u0644\u0649 1270 \u0645. \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u063a\u0627\u0648 (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0644\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629: Agaw) \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646 1270 \u0645 \u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647 \u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u062d\u0643\u0645\u062a \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 15 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0633\u0639\u062a \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0647\u0646\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u0634\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629.[<\/span>36]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> \u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1428 \u0645\u060c \u0623\u0631\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u064a\u0634\u0627\u0642 (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629: Yeshaq) \u0645\u0628\u0639\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649\u00a0\u0623\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0646\u0633\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633<\/a>\u00a0\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u063a\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0631\u0633\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0639\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629. \u0641\u0634\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629.[<\/span>37]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0\u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0644\u062f \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1508 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u062c\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u0648\u0631\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0634 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0647.[<\/span>38]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

<\/a>
\u0642\u0644\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

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\n

<\/span>\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0627<\/h3>\n

\u0633\u064f\u0645\u0650\u0651\u064a\u062a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b\u00a0\u0628\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0641\u0631<\/a> \u0648 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0623\u0633\u0633\u062a \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062c\u0627\u0633\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1577 \u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u00a0\u0647\u0631\u0631<\/a> \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0627 \u0625\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0627 \u0648 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0647\u0631\u0631. \u0648 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645 1672 \u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0636\u0645\u062d\u0644\u062a \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0627 \u0648 \u0643\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0632\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0622\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0634.[<\/span>43]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> \u062b\u0645 \u0623\u0639\u064a\u062f \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f \u0643\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0648 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1734 \u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0648 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0636\u0639\u062a \u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0648.[<\/span>44]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> \u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0635\u0648\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0628\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635 \u0633\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629.[<\/span>45]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\n

<\/span>\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0648\u0629 (1889-1913)<\/h3>\n

\u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f\u00a0\u0645\u0646\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/a>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0646 1889 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0648\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1913. \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0648\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u060c[<\/span>46]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u00a0\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0648<\/a>\u060c \u0633\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u060c \u0643\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062c\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0627 \u0648 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0623\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646.[<\/span>47]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> \u0648 \u0642\u062f \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0627 \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u062c\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0634\u064a\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0648\u060c \u0648 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0632\u064a (\u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0646).[<\/span>48]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u063a\u0632\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u0634\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u0634)\u060c \u0641\u0636\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0642\u0637 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u0634\u064a \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0636\u062f \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0648 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0631\u062f\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0632\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0648 \u0645\u064a\u0633\u0641\u0646\u062a (\u00ab\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621\u00bb)\u060c \u0648 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0648 \u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a.[<\/span>49]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> \u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u064a\u064a\u062c\u0648\u060c \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0634\u0645\u0644\u062a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u064a\u062c\u0648\u00a0 \u0648 \u0634\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u064a\u062c\u0648. \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0633\u0633\u062a \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0629 \u062f\u0628\u0631\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629.[<\/span>50]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u0643\u0645\u0647\u060c \u0623\u062f\u0644\u0649\u00a0\u0645\u0646\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/a>\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u064a\u064a\u062f\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642<\/a>\u00a0\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621<\/a>\u00a0\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645<\/a>\u061b \u0648 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0648 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0623\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627<\/a> – \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0631\u0623\u0633\u060c \u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0634\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1881 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0635\u0639\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0634 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1889\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0623\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627\u060c \u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u0634\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629. \u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0648\u0642\u0639\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 Wichale \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 1889 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 (\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629). \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0648 \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0644\u0647 \u0643\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631. \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0648 \u062a\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/a>\u00a0\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0648\u0629 \u0641\u064a 1 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 1896 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0647\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.[<\/span>47]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>[<\/span>51]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062b\u0644\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0649 (1888 \u0625\u0644\u0649 1892).[<\/span>52]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>[<\/span>53]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\n

<\/span>\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0647\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 (1916-1974)<\/h3>\n

\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632\u062a \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 20 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u00a0\u0647\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062e\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0648 V. \u0648 \u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1916\u060c \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0639\u0644\u062a \u0647\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0648\u0631\u064a\u062c\u0646\u062a (\u0625\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0633) \u0644 Zewditu \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0648 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0629 Zewditu\u060c \u062c\u0639\u0644\u062a \u0647\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a 2 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a 1930.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0644\u062f \u0647\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629: \u0648 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0648<\/a>\u00a0\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/a>\u060c \u0648 \u0627\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0641\u0636\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062c.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/a>\u00a0\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a (1936-1941).[<\/span>54]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> \u0648 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a\u060c \u0646\u0627\u0634\u062f \u0647\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0635\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1935\u060c \u0648 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062c\u0639\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0648 1935 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u064a\u0645 \u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645.[<\/span>55]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0627\u0645 1937\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0630\u0628\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 Yekatit 12. \u0648 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/a>\u060c \u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/a>\u060c \u062c\u0646\u0628\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0631\u0631\u062a \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u062a \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1941. \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1943. \u0648 \u0623\u0639\u0642\u0628 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c (\u0623\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629)\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 1944.[<\/span>56]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> \u0648 \u0641\u064a 26 \u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 1942 \u0647\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u060c \u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0646.[<\/span>57]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>[<\/span>58]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0648 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u064420\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1952\u060c \u0646\u0638\u0645\u062a \u0647\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0627. \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0630\u0648\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1962 \u0648 \u0636\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a \u0648 \u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0641\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627. \u0644\u0639\u0628\u062a \u0647\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1963.<\/p>\n

\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0636\u062f \u0647\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1973\u060c \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0645 13 \u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0631 1974;[<\/span>60]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> \u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0621\u061b \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629\u061b \u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062e\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0624\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b. \u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u064a\u0648\u0645 18 \u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0631 1974.[<\/span>61]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0623\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a 20 \u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0631 1974.[<\/span>62]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>[<\/span>63]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0648 \u0647\u0627\u0628\u062a\u064a \u0648 \u0648\u0644\u062f\u064a.[<\/span>64]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644\u062a \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0625\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0634\u064a\u0648 \u0645\u0627\u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0621.[<\/span>65]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\n

<\/span>\u0639\u0635\u0631\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0631\u063a<\/a>\u00a0(1974-1991)<\/h3>\n

\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0647\u062f\u00a0\u0647\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/a>\u00a0\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a 12 \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1974\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u063a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u064a\u062a\u060c \u0641\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0631\u063a\u00bb \u0628\u0632\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u063a\u0633\u062a\u0648 \u0647\u0627\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u062e\u0644\u0639 \u0647\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a.[<\/span>66]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> \u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0639\u0627\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0644\u062a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0641\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0648 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u064a\u0646. \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1977\u060c \u0623\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u0648\u063a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0648\u063a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0646. \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0641\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0644\u0642\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u062e\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0648 \u0643\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0648 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629[<\/span>67]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0\u0648 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/a>. \u0648 \u0634\u0645\u0644\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 15,000 \u062c\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0648 \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 500,000 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631\u060c[<\/span>68]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0643\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062d \u062a\u062d\u062a \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u062c\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0648.[<\/span>68]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> \u0648 \u0642\u062f \u0623\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062a\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631<\/a>\u00a0\u0641\u064a \u0631\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636<\/a>\u00bb\u060c \u0646\u0641\u0630\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u063a\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629.[<\/span>68]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2006\u060c \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062a 12 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062c\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u063a\u0633\u062a\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0623\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647 \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629.[<\/span>69]<\/span><\/a><\/sup> \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062b\u0631 \u0644\u0647 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0628 \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u062d\u0631\u0628. \u0648 \u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0648 \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0627. \u062a\u0644\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0648 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0636\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644 20 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0646\u060c \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0641\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 1980\u060c \u0648 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0636\u0631\u0628\u062a \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u0648 8 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u062a\u064a\u0644. \u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062f \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0648 \u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u064a \u0648 \u0625\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0627. \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1989\u060c \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 Tigrayan ‘\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 (\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u0639\u0628 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u064a) \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u062c\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0626\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 “\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629).<\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0628\u062f\u0623\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a<\/a>\u00a0\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0633\u062a\u00a0\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0643\u0627<\/a>\u00a0\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u00a0\u062c\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0641<\/a>\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629.\u00a0 \u0648 \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644. \u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1989\u060c \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1990. \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u063a\u0633\u062a\u0648 \u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 1991\u060c \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u00a0\u0623\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0623\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627<\/a>\u00a0\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a<\/a>\u00a0\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a. \u0641\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u063a\u0633\u062a\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0621 \u0641\u064a\u00a0\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0648\u064a<\/a>\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u0642\u064a\u0645. \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0646 87 \u0639\u0636\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0634\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062b\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0644. \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1992\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062d\u0628\u062a\u00a0\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0648<\/a>\u00a0\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629\u061b \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 1993\u060c \u063a\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1994\u060c \u0648\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0634\u0643\u0644\u062a \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a. \u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0631 1995\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u00a0\u0645\u0644\u0633 \u0632\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u064a<\/a>\u00a0\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0646\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0633\u0648 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1994\u060c \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a. \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 1998\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 2000\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0644\u0641 \u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0640\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645.[<\/span>70]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0626\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645.<\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a 15 \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 2005\u060c \u0639\u0642\u062f\u062a \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0648\u064a\u0631. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u0628\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0623\u0639\u0631\u0628\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0632\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a. \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628\u062a \u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 200 \u0645\u0642\u0639\u062f\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0639 12 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2000. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0645\u0645\u062b\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0626\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0645 \u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0642\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0644\u062a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u0633\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0627. \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0641\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u00ab\u0633\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u064a\u0631\u00bb \u0648\u0623\u0641\u0631\u062c \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0626 \u0627\u0626\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2009 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2010. \u062d\u0632\u0628\u00a0\u0645\u0644\u0633 \u0632\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u064a<\/a>\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1991\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 65 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u00a0\u0623\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0623\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627<\/a>\u00a0\u0641\u064a 10 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 2009. \u0641\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0623\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0642\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645. \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0644\u062a \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u062f\u0639\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0647\u064a\u0628.<\/p>\n

\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a (FDD \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629) \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0631\u0633 (\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0648)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u064a (\u062a\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u0639\u0628 \u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u064a)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 (UDJ\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0633\u062c\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0639\u064a\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2011\u060c \u0639\u062c\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u063a\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0633\u0648\u0623 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u062c\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u064a\u00a0\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627<\/a>\u00a0\u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0641\u064a 60 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627. \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2012\u00a0[\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631<\/a>]<\/span><\/sup>\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0625\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0623\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629.[<\/span>71]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

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\n

<\/span>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627<\/h2>\n

\u0641\u064a 1,126,829 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639 (435071 \u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639)\u060c[<\/span>75]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0\u0648\u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 27 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062c\u0645\u00a0\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0627<\/a>. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u064a \u0639\u0631\u0636 15 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0648 3 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0637\u064a \u0637\u0648\u0644 33 \u00b0 \u0648 48 \u00b0 E.<\/p>\n

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\u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0628\u0644\u062f \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0628\u062d\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0631\u0642. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0637\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\u00a0\u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0642\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0629<\/a>\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0646\u060c\u00a0\u0648\u0639\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627<\/a>\u00a0\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0626\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a<\/a>\u00a0(\u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0639\u0644\u0628 \u0633\u0627\u064a\u0645\u0646). \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0642\u062f \u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0634\u062c\u064a\u0639 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0632\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\n

<\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e<\/h3>\n

\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629. \u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0621. \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 2,000-2,500 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u064b (6,562-8,202 \u0642\u062f\u0645) \u0641\u0648\u0642\u00a0\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631<\/a>\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u00a0\u063a\u0648\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631<\/a>\u00a0\u0648\u0623\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0645<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629\u00a0\u0623\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0623\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627<\/a>\u00a0\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0641\u0648\u062d \u062c\u0628\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 2,400 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u064b\u0627 (7,874 \u0642\u062f\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0628\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645. \u0645\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0645\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0623\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0647\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631. \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0647\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 1,200 \u0645\u0644\u0645 (47.2 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629).<\/p>\n

\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 7 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 60% \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d. \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0647\u0631\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 \u0648\u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0629. \u064a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0623\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u0648 16 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 (60.8 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u0631\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u062a)\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 20-25 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 (68,0-77,0 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u0631\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u062a) \u0637\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0628\u0648\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0636\u062d\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 5-10 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 (41.0 – 50.0\u00a0\u00b0F).<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644 \u0644\u0623\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0623\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e \u0645\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0625\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u062c\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u063a\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0633\u062e\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0641\u0627\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0644\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0641\u064a\u00a0\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0639\u0641\u0627\u0631<\/a>\u00a0\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646 34 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 (93.2 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u0631\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u062a).<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0639\u062f\u062f\u00a0\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627<\/a>\u00a0\u0645\u0646 33.5 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a 1983 \u062d\u062a\u0649 93,800,000 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2013.[<\/span>87]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 9 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u064419.[<\/span>88]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0\u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2007 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a 2.6% \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a 1994 \u0648 2007\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 2.8% \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 1983-1994. \u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 210 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2060\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a 2011 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u062d\u0648 2.5 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646.[<\/span>89]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0623\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0636\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 80 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2007\u060c \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0648 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 34.4% \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 27.0% \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/a><\/span>[\u00a0\u061f\u00a0<\/abbr><\/a>]<\/span><\/sup>\u00a0\u0648\u062a\u064a\u063a\u0631\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 6.22% \u0648 6.08% \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a: \u0633\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627 4.00\u066a\u060c 2.52% \u0643\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062c\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0627 2.27\u066a\u060c 1.73%\u00a0\u0639\u0641\u0627\u0631<\/a>\u060c\u00a0\u0647\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/a>\u00a01.72\u066a\u060c 1.49% \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 12.6\u066a.[<\/span>90]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0648<\/a>\u00a0\u0622\u0633\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621\u060c \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u0634\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d (\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u0634\u0629<\/a>) \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u0634\u0629\u00bb\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0644\u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629<\/a>\u00a0\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649.[<\/span>91]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629-\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u061b \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0639\u00a0\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646<\/a>. \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0631<\/a>\u00a0\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0643.<\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2009\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0641\u062a \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0628\u0644\u063a \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 135,200. \u0648\u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0644<\/a>\u00a0(\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 64,300 \u0646\u0633\u0645\u0629)\u060c\u00a0\u0625\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0627<\/a>\u00a0(41,700)\u060c\u00a0\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646<\/a>\u00a0(25,900).[<\/span>92]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\n

<\/span>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646<\/h3>\n

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\n

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\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f<\/p>\n

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\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u064a\u0644\u0629. \u064a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0646\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629<\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/p>\n

\u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0647\u0648\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0628\u0644\u062f \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627.[<\/span>102]<\/span><\/a><\/sup>\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0647\u0648\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0637\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627.[\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631<\/a>]<\/span><\/sup><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0644\u064410 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645. \u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062f \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0632\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645.[<\/span>103]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

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\n

<\/span>\u0628\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 : https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A5%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u00a0\u0643\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627. \u062a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u00a01\u00a0100\u00a0000\u00a0\u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\u00a0\u0648\u064a\u0642\u0637\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 126 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0645\u0629.[17][18][19] …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":5060,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[26],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5051","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-histoire"],"yoast_head":"\n\u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 - \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627\u062a 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